Table of Contents
I. Language & Style 3-4
II. Format 4-5
III. Acknowledgment of Indebtedness to the Work of Others 5-7
A. General Instructions 5-6
B. Paraphrasing, Summarizing, & Quoting Sources 6-7
IV. Forms for Bibliographies, Parenthetical References, and Notes (MLA Style)
A. General Instructions for Bibliographies 8
B. General Instructions for Citations 8
1. Parenthetical References 8-10
2. Footnotes 10-11
C. Explanation of Symbols 11-12
D. General Rules and Examples 12
1. A Book without Author or Editor 12-13
2. A Book by One Author 13
3. A Book by Two Authors 13
4. A Book by Three Authors 13
5. A Book by More than Three Authors 13-14
6. A Book by One, Two, Three, or More than Three Editor(s) 14
7. A Book by a Corporate (or Institutional) Author 15
8. An Edition of a Book other than the First 15
9. A Multi-volume Work by One Author 15
10. A Multi-volume Work by One Author, Each Volume 15-16
with a Distinct Title
11. A Multi-volume Collection of the Works of One Author, 16
Each Volume with a Distinct Title (N.B. Translator)
12. A Component of a Book of Essays by One Author 16
13. A Component Part of a Book of Essays by More than One Author 16-17
With a Named Editor
14. A Component of a Multi-volume Work 17
15. A Journal Article with a Signed Author 17
16. A Magazine Article with a Signed Author 18
IV. D. (Cont.)
17. A Magazine (or Journal) Article without a Signed Author 18
18. A Newspaper Article (Signed) 18
19. A Book Review 18-19
20. An Encyclopedia Article with a Signed Author 19
21. An Encyclopedia Article without a Signed Author 19
22. A Dictionary Article with a Signed Author 20
23. A Dictionary Article without a Signed Author 20
24. A Thesis or Dissertation 20
25. A Secondary Source of a Quotation 20-21
26. An Interview (Including email, letter, etc.) 21
27. A Local Sound Recording 21
28. A Commercial Sound Recording 21-22
29. A Local Video Recording 22
30. A Commercial Videocassette 22
31. Documents Published by Church Organizations
i. Minutes or Proceedings of a General Meeting 22-23
ii. Yearbooks 23
iii. Liturgical Texts 23-24
32. Works of Early and Medieval Church Fathers 24-27
33. Biblical References in Written Work 27-29
i. Standard Abbreviations for Books of the Bible 27-28
and the Apocrypha
ii. Acronyms for Bible Versions 28-29
V. Citation of Electronic Sources 29
A. Citation of an Entire Source (CD-ROM) 29-30
B. Citation of an Unsigned Dictionary Article (CD-ROM) 30
C. Citation of a Signed Bible Commentary Article (CD-ROM) 30
D. Citations of Full-Text Items from a Seminary Online 30-31
Database (TexShare/EBSCO/ATLAS)
1. Article from a Journal (online: full-text) 30
2. Article in a Magazine (online: full-text) 30-31
3. Article from a Newspaper (online: full-text) 31
E. Citations of World Wide Web (WWW) Sites 31-32
1. Personal or Professional Site 32
2. Article in a Web Site 32
3. Article in a Magazine/Newspaper on the Internet 32
4. Document in a Web Project or Database 32
F. Evaluation of Information on the Web 32-34
VI. Other Acknowledgments 34
VII. Bibliography 35
Guidelines for Written Work 2002
The information that follows is intended as general guidelines to be applied in the
preparation of all written work that is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of a course or
any special program of study at the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest (ETSS)
and the Lutheran Seminary Program in the Southwest (LSPS). Instructors may make exceptions
to any of these guidelines, either in class or on their syllabi. Follow the instructor's requirements
when they diverge from the instructions below.
This information is presented as a reference tool and is not intended as instructional. For a more instructional approach, you may wish to consult Bill Badke's online tutorial Research Strategies: Finding Your Way through the Information Fog at http://www.acts.twu.ca/lbr/textbook.htm or check out a copy of his book at the Booher Library. Another excellent instructional guide is Deborah Core's A Seminary Student Writes also available at the Booher Library or in the seminary bookstore. The style presented below will be largely based on the recommendations of the Modern Language Association (MLA).
I. Language and Style
Writing is a tool. It is one of the tools of successful communication, and it will be important in all aspects of your professional development. Effective communication is an outcome of effective writing. Here are the thoughts of the editors of the MLA Handbook on this issue:
Effective writing depends as much on clarity and readability as on content. The organization and development of your ideas, the unity and coherence of your presentation, and your command of sentence structure, grammar, and diction are all important considerations, as are the mechanics of writing – capitalization, spelling, punctuation. The key to successful communication is using the right language. In all writing, the challenge is to find the words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that express your thoughts and ideas precisely and that make them interesting to others. (Gibaldi and Achtert 33)
Learning the unique terms or jargon of your discipline and using those terms appropriately and effectively is part of producing effective communication. Using inclusive language is also a part of effective writing:
In recent years, writers, teachers, and publishers have become increasingly concerned about [language's] social connotations. The careful writer avoids statements that reflect or imply unsubstantiated generalizations about a person's age, economic class, national origin, sexual orientation, political or religious beliefs, race or gender. Your language, in other words, should not suggest bias or prejudice toward any group. Discussions and statements concerning nondiscriminatory language have focused particular attention on avoiding language that could be labeled sexist. For example, conscientious writers no longer use he to refer to someone of unspecified gender -- a doctor or an executive, say -- lest readers infer that the statement can apply only to a man. To avoid this use of he, they recast sentences into the plural, specify the gender of an individual under discussion, and occasionally, if all else fails, use he or she or her or him. Careful writers also avoid designating gender with suffixes like -man and -ess and substitute non-sexist terms (police officer, flight attendant, waiter, poet, author). (Gibaldi and Achtert 34)
For Example:
NOT "when God spoke to mankind" BUT "when God spoke to all humans" or "to humanity."
NOT "priests and their wives" BUT "clergy and their spouses."
II. Format
All written work must be submitted in printed hard copy, preferably produced using a standard word-processing software program (good software programs are MicroSoft Word (MSWord) or Correl WordPerfect) on white office paper. Exceptions, such as electronic versions or handwritten drafts, must be cleared with individual instructors or through the Associate Dean's office at ETSS or LSPS. (There are several student computers with both MS Word and WordPerfect available in the Reference Room of the Booher Library for word processing if you need them. These computers also have access to PowerPoint, Dreamweaver, scanners and CD burners. )
The following rules apply:
FORMAT:
• Use standard letter-sized paper on one side only.
• Set all margins at one (1") inch.
• Double space the text.
• Use a legible font (Times New Roman or a similarly simple and clear font) that is neither larger than 12 point nor smaller than 10 point.
• Indent the first line of each paragraph by 5 spaces.
• Single space quotations over four lines and indent these 5 spaces on either side.
• Number the pages (usually in the lower right-hand corner).
• Staple pages, or paper clip them (do not use binders or glossy cover sheets).
• Use inclusive language whenever possible (see Language and Style above).
NOTE:
MAR Students writing a project or thesis may need to modify these suggests. See the MAR coordinator for specific formatting rules.
MAC Students, formerly MAPM Track III, will use APA guidelines for their counseling publications or papers. We suggest these students consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association found in the Reference Room (Ref. BF76.7 .P83 2001).
INCLUDE:
• your name
• current or semester date
• the course number and/or professor's name listed in the top right-hand corner of the first page for a shorter assignment (1-8 pages) OR centered on a cover page for longer assignments (10-50 pages) OR follow instructors' suggestions
• title or descriptive label for the paper centered at the top of the first page
• proper citations where needed and in the formats presented below, and, if appropriate, a full and accurate bibliography modeled on the formats below.
III. Acknowledgment of Indebtedness to the Work of Others
A. General Guidelines
The ideas and forms of expression presented in a written work are presumed to be the work of the author, unless she or he acknowledges that they were derived from the work of others. It is mandatory that indebtedness to the work of others be clearly and fully indicated. Accurately acknowledging such indebtedness is a component of intellectual honesty agreed upon by scholars for submitting work in North American educational institutions. Failure to do so may lead to the charge of plagiarism. (See ETSS Academic Code and/or LSPS Student Handbook.)
The following are examples of when an author needs to acknowledge indebtedness to the work of others:
1. The student profited greatly but generally from the reading of certain scholarly works or drew biographical facts from a particular source. Such general indebtedness should be acknowledged in at least one of the following places: in the text of the written work, in formal citations, or in the bibliography.
2. The student drew specific facts, ideas, or arguments from a particular source. Such indebtedness must be acknowledged in the text, in a formal citation, and in the bibliography.
3. The student quoted a phrase, sentence, or passage in exact words. Such material must be contained within quotation marks or in the single-spaced format of longer quotations. Acknowledgment must be made in the text, in a formal citation, and in the bibliography. If the material was obtained from a secondary source, i.e., not from the source in which it originally appeared but from another's discussion of that source, that fact is to be clearly indicated in the formal citation. (See #25 below.) 4. The student quoted, paraphrased, or summarized information provided by the editor, translator, or compiler of a work, i.e., John Smith translated and edited a new version of The Gospel of John and the student wants to insert information into his or her paper from the notes or introduction. Indebtedness to the original author, in this case the editor, must be acknowledged in the text, with a formal citation, and in the bibliography. (See #6 below.)
5. The student paraphrased or summarized material from another's work (another student's work or information from an unpublished manuscript of some kind). Indebtedness to the original author must be acknowledged in the text, with a formal citation, and in the bibliography. (See #24 below.)
6. The author consulted a written work or a body of notes by another student that substantially influenced the paper's final argument. Such general indebtedness may be acknowledged in the text, in a formal citation, in a digressive footnote, or in the bibliography.
7. The author derived facts, ideas, or arguments from a personal interview of an instructor or other expert. Such indebtedness must be acknowledged in the text, in formal citations, in a digressive footnote, or in the bibliography. (See #26 below.)
8. The author derived facts, ideas, or arguments from another of his/her own papers submitted for another class here. (See section VI. Other Acknowledgments at the end of this document for suggestions on how to indicate that indebtedness.)
B. Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting Sources
Correct Practice for Using Outside Sources in Your Writing:
A. Avoid plagiarism by always giving credit for ideas and wording not originally yours.
B. Document sources accurately and completely.
C. Know how and when to use the techniques of paraphrase, summary, and quotation.
Guidelines for Writing a Paraphrase:
1. Write down all documentation facts so that you can document the source when you use it in your writing and produce clear citations. (We have blank forms in the library that you can use.)
2. Say what the source says but no more.
3. Reproduce the source's order of ideas and emphasis(es).
4. Use your own words and phrasing to restate the message. If certain synonyms are awkward, quote those sections, but do so sparingly.
5. Read over your sentences to make sure that they make sense and do not distort the source's meaning or intent.
6. Expect your material to be as long as, and possibly longer than, the original.
Guidelines for Writing a Summary:
1. Write down all documentation facts so that you can document the source when you use it in your writing and produce clear citations. (We have blank forms in the library that you can use.)
2. Identify the main points.
3. Condense the main points without losing the essence of the original material.
4. Use your own words to condense the message. If words have been coined by the source, or if certain synonyms are awkward, quote the words (using quotation marks), but do this very sparingly.
5. Keep your summary short.
6. Avoid plagiarism.
Guidelines for Working Quotations into Your Writing:
1. Write down all documentation facts so that you can document the source when you use it in your writing and produce clear citations. (We have blank forms in the library that you can use.)
2. Set off short quotations with quotation marks or use indentation for longer quotations (see below); otherwise, you will be plagiarizing.
3. Do not use quotations in more than a fifth of your paper; rely mostly on paraphrase and summary to report information from sources. These methods keep your voice primary.
4. Use quotations to support what you say, not to present new information or as parts of your argument (thesis).
5. Follow (or, in some cases, proceed) any direct quotation with specific explanations on what in the quotation directly relates to, supports, or extends your argument. A quotation should never stand alone.
6. Use quotation marks if the quotation is less than four (4) lines.
7. Use indentation and single spacing (and no quotation marks) for quotations over four (4) lines or more.
8. Generally, it is best to introduce the author of the quotation in the text of your paper. The first reference to any expert ideally gives the person's full name, first and last, but not honorific titles. You might also want to indicate what position this person holds or what this person has written that makes her or him an expert (John Smith, former theology professor at Hopkins, states OR Jane Doe, who wrote Women in Theology, claims). Use appropriate language: For a speaker you've heard: Johnson says, discussed, presented, etc. For an author you've read: Smith argues, writes, counters, shows, etc.
WHEN TO USE QUOTATIONS INSTEAD OF PARAPHRASE OR SUMMARY:
A. Its language and wording are particularly appropriate to your argument.
B. Its thought is particularly difficult to rephrase accurately.
C. The author/authority of the source is especially important as support for your thesis and or main ideas.
D. The source's language is open to interpretation.
REMINDER: Seldom can a quotation stand alone. You must explain why and how it relates to your argument. Paraphrase and Summary are often better choices as they keep your voice primary. Summary covers only the main points but in same order and keeps the same emphasis/es as original source. Paraphrase also reproduces order and emphasis/es, but the paraphrased passage will be as long as if not longer than the original. Be careful that you do not distort the original and that the summary or paraphrase makes logical sense.
IV. Forms for Bibliographies and Citations
A. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
List all items in one alphabetical sequence using the forms shown in the Examples of Citations (below). Begin the first line of each entry flush with the left margin, but indent the second and later lines five spaces to the right. (This is known as a hanging indent.) Either double space the whole bibliography, or single space entries but leave a blank line between them.
Some instructors request Annotated Bibliographies. These are bibliographic citations that are augmented by critical information evaluating them in terms of a specific task, context, or objective. Generally, an annotated bibliography entry includes the formal bibliographic citation(single-spaced) followed by a paragraph or two of critical evaluation. Ask your instructor(s) for specific guidelines on length, depth, and format for annotations.
B. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CITATIONS:
For citations to acknowledge indebtedness three primary types of notation have evolved: footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical references. Two common formats for parenthetical references are APA, preferred by social scientists, and MLA, preferred by literature and humanity scholars.
ETSS and LSPS instructors prefer that you use parenthetical references, particularly in the MLA style, and save footnotes for digressions from the text (see footnote this page) OR use footnotes for everything. Endnotes, a blended version of footnotes and bibliographic entries that are often used by some journals to save space, are generally not encouraged. Your instructor(s) may modify this suggestion for a particular assignment. Always follow the directions and preferences of your instructors.
1. PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
Generally in MLA style, writers try to put as much of the information that is needed into the text of their papers. When doing so is not possible or practical, or when the format of such information needs to be varied, parenthetical citations are used. Parenthetical references are to be enclosed in parentheses at the appropriate place within the text of the written work.
The information provided within the parentheses is used to supplement the information found in the text and to direct the reader to the bibliography. Frequently, the parentheses contain only a page number reference as everything else is provided in the context of the paper (see below). Latin phrases, such as op. cit. and ibid. are not to be used in any citations. The Latin phrase et al. ("and others") is used for acknowledging more than three authors/editors by attaching et al. to the first author's name. General guidelines below follow the rules of MLA parenthetical citations.
An excellent web site for MLA is:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html#Print
or http://cctc.commnet.edu/mla/practical_guide.shtml
An excellent web site for MLA citations of electronic materials is:
http://www.bedfordbooks.com/online/citex.html OR
http://cctc.commnet.edu/mla/online.shtml
Acknowledge Indebtedness IN THE TEXT Parenthetical Citation Example
(See also Example # 4 for additional citation instructions):
Kee, Young, and Froelich contend that "[t]he polemic of the author of James centering in the formula ‘no faith without works’ can hardly be understood apart from the consequences which a later generation has drawn from the Pauline doctrine of justification" (357).
Acknowledge Indebtedness IN A PARENTHETICAL REFERENCE:
Despite the different personalities associated with the writers of the epistles, many of these letters seem somewhat dependent upon Paul. The authors of our textbook agree: "The polemic of the author of James centering in the formula ‘no faith without works’ can hardly be understood apart from the consequences which a later generation has drawn from the Pauline doctrine of justification" (Kee, Young, and Froelich 357).
Note: Quotation marks are closed, citation is inserted in parentheses, then period. For indented quotation blocks, one may also end the last line of the quotation with end punctuation, space twice (or more), and set the citation in parentheses floating just off the edge of the quotation.
General Rules for inserting MLA Parenthetical Citations:
i. Vary the ways you present citations.
Make reference to the author or editor or work in your text one time AND then insert the fuller information in the parenthetical citation the next time. Choose the appropriate format to match your content and tone.
ii. Always place the citation within the sentence but outside the quotation.
Close the quotation with quotation marks, open the parentheses, add the citation, close the parentheses, place the period to close the sentence.
iii. Add a citation in the same sentence as any direct quotation.
If you open quotation marks, you need to close them and add a citation.
iv. Add a citation in the same paragraph for any paraphrase or summary.
If you use some one else's ideas even in your own words, you must cite the source, or it qualifies as PLAGIARISM. You can add the citation to the last sentence of the paragraph, OR if you use multiple sources, to the last sentence that references the first source, and a second after the second source, and so on.
v. When citing a source, find the author if at all possible, then go for title if the author is not available. When the title is used, only one to three words are often needed.
#1 (Hymnal 1982 199) or (Hymnal 1982 199) book w/out author/editor
#5 (Strommen et al. 31) 3 or more authors
#17 ("Who Wrote the Bible?" 62) or ("Who Wrote" 62) unsigned article
#31.ii. (Church of England, General Synod xxiii) corporate author
2. FOOTNOTES
Footnotes are sentences that provide citation information. They are listed in numerical order beginning two spaces below a solid line ten spaces in length that is two spaces below the last line of text on the page. Consecutive numbers written in superscript should be inserted at the appropriate places in the text as a means of reference to correspondingly numbered notes. Latin phrases, such as op. cit. and ibid, are not used in any MLA citations. Et al. ("and others") is used; see above. (Many word processors generate footnotes automatically. The spacing they provide is adequate.)
NOTE: Few web sites provide accurate and extensive MLA style footnote guidelines. A couple of sites provide good general guides to footnoting in the Turabian and Chicago Manual of Style formats, which while not exactly the same are not that different from the MLA style for footnotes. They may also prove helpful in preparing work for publication elsewhere.
A good web site for footnoting citations of electronic materials is the method presented by the Chicago Manual of Style at the Bedford site:
http://www.bedfordbooks.com/online/cite7.html#1
Footnote Example (See also Example #5 for additional citation instructions):
#5 A book by three or more authors:
Last line of text.
5Merton P. Strommen et al., A Study of Generations: Report of a Two-Year Study of 5,000 Lutherans Between the Ages of 15-65, Their Beliefs, Values, Attitudes, Behavior (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972) 57.
No blank lines are to be placed between notes, but the normal bottom margin of about one inch is to be left below the last line of the note. Specific page references relevant to the information you are presenting are included in footnotes while bibliographies include only information related to finding the entire work. Further examples are presented below.
General Rules for Footnotes:
i. Always place footnote as a supra script outside the quotation and after the punctuation. With a footnote, often you must punctuate the sentence before you close the quotation with quotation marks. (Remember: periods and commas go inside the quotation marks; semicolons and colons go outside; question marks and exclamation points vary.) It is only then that you have your word processor insert a footnote, or you type the superscript that indicates a footnote will be inserted at the bottom of the page.
ii. Add a footnote notation at the end of the same sentence as any direct quotation. If you open quotation marks you need to close them and add a footnote notation.
iii. Add a footnote at the end of the paragraph for any paraphrase or summary. If you use someone else's ideas even in your own words, you must cite the source, or it qualifies as PLAGIARISM. You can add the footnote notation to the end of the last sentence of the paragraph, or if you use multiple sources, to the end of the last sentence that references the first source, and a second after the second source, and so on.
When citing a source in footnote format for a second or third time or more, later citations are normally made up of two elements: author’s/authors' surname/s and page references. Occasionally, abbreviated titles must be added to distinguish multiple works by one author from one another. Below are examples of forms of Citation for MLA bibliographies, parenthetical references, and footnotes.
C. EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS USED IN THIS GUIDE
BY: Designates the form that is to be used in the Bibliography (or "Works Cited" page).
Author (Last, First). Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher,
copyright date. [pages.]
PR: Designates the form that is to be used for parenthetical reference citations. When adequate information is provided in the text, just the page number is needed (the first option) OR when the author and/or work are not mentioned in the text, additional information must be inserted in the parentheses (the second option). Remember: It is generally best to begin by introducing bibliographic information in the text. Sometimes there is no need for the parentheses at all.
(page #s) if author and/or work is named in text OR (Author page #s)
NF: Designates the form that is to be used for the first citation of a work in a footnote.
1. Author (Last, First), Title, edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, copyright
date) page #(s).
NOTE: Footnotes are sentences while neither bibliographic entries nor parenthetical references are. Notice how the punctuation changes from end punctuation in bibliography entries to commas in footnotes in acknowledgment of that difference.
NS: Designates the form that is to be used for second and later citations in footnotes.
2. Author page #s.
Note: These Guidelines provide examples of only the most basic format. If you have more complicated citations, such as two works by the same author or two authors with the same last names, you may have to consult the General Rules below, check the MLA Handbook, check the web sites, or call someone at the Booher Library for more specific instructions.
D. GENERAL RULES AND EXAMPLES
1. Be consistent. Pick one style and stay with it.
2. Titles are best done in italics, but underlining is okay too. The former is a printer's option for indicating major works; the latter was the only choice open to people typing on typewriters or writing long hand. Now either is used. As indicated in footnote 2 on page 11, our examples show underlining for clarity, but italics is fine. Be consistent.
3. In recording inclusive page numbers use all of the digits in the concluding number.
4. When you need additional information to distinguish sources in citations in the text:
A. To distinguish between two authors with the same surname, add their first names, e.g., PR (John Smith 5) or NS 2 John Smith 5.
B. To distinguish between more than one work by the same author, insert a comma and add abbreviated forms of the titles in italics, e.g., PR (Johnson, The Journey 58-62) or NS 2 Johnson, The Journey 58-62.
C. To clearly identify works without authors, use abbreviated forms of the titles, i.e. include only the words (excluding initial articles) that are needed to make it possible to find them in the bibliography, e.g., PR (Jamestown Flood 567-570) or NS 2 Jamestown Flood 567-570.
EXAMPLES OF CITATIONS
(Bibliography (BY); Parenthetical Reference (PR); Footnote Reference, First (NF); Footnote Reference, 2nd or Subsequent (NS))
1. A book without an author or editor:
BY: The Hymnal 1982 According to the Use of the Episcopal Church. New York:
Church Hymnal Corporation, 1985.
PR: (199) or (Hymnal 1982 199).
NF: 1 The Hymnal 1982 According to the Use of the Episcopal Church (New
York: Church Hymnal Corporation, 1985) 199.
NS: 2 The Hymnal 1982 199.
2. A book by one author:
BY: Ingwersen, Sonya A. Light and Longing, Silva and Dario: Modernism and
Religious Heterodoxy. New York: Peter Lang, 1986.
PR: (321-325) or (Ingwersen 321-325).
NF: 1 Sonya Ingwersen, Light and Longing, Silva and Dario: Modernism and Religious Heterodoxy ( New York: Peter Lang, 1986) 321-325.
NS: 2 Ingwersen 321-325.
3. A book by two authors:
BY: Suter, John W., and George J. Cleaveland. The American Book of Common
Prayer: Its Origin and Development. New York: Oxford UP, 1949.
PR: (83-85) or (Suter and Cleaveland 83-85).
NF: 1 John W. Suter and George J. Cleaveland, The American Book of Common Prayer: Its Origin and Development (New York: Oxford UP, 1949) 83-85.
NS: 2 Suter and Cleaveland 83-85.
4. A book by three authors:
BY: Kee, Howard C., Franklin W. Young, and Karlfried Froehlich. Understanding the
New Testament. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1965.
PR: (355-370) or (Kee, Young, and Froelich 355-370).
NF: 1 Howard C. Kee, Franklin W. Young, and Karlfried Froehlich, Understanding the New Testament, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1965) 355-370.
NS: 2 Kee, Young, and Froelich 355-370.
5. A book by more than three authors:
BY: Strommen, Merton P., Milo L. Brekke, Ralph C. Underwager, and Arthur L.
Johnson. A Study of Generations: Report of a Two-Year Study of 5,000
Lutherans Between the Ages of 15-65, Their Beliefs, Values, Attitudes,
Behavior. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972.
OR:
Strommen, Merton P. et al. A Study of Generations: Report of a Two-Year
Study of 5,000 Lutherans Between the Ages of 15,65, Their Beliefs, Values, Attitudes, Behavior. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972.
PR: (31) or (Strommen, Brekke, Underwager, and Johnson 31) OR
(Strommen et al. 31).
NF: 1 Merton P. Strommen, Milo L. Brekke, Ralph C. Underwager, and Arthur L. Johnson, A Study of Generations: Report of a Two-Year Study of 5,000 Lutherans Between the Ages of 15-65, Their Beliefs, Values, Attitudes, Behavior. (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972) 31.
NS: 2 Strommen et al. 31.
6. A book by one, two, three, or more than three editors:
The forms are the same as those for one, two, three, or more than three authors except that "ed." or "eds." is added following the names of the editor or editors when they take the place of an author entry. NOTE: Generally, one sites the individual items within an edited volume by the author(s) of each work. (See #13below.) Only cite the editor if you need to give credit to the work of the editor, i.e., if the editor is also the author, translator, or compiler of information in the book that you want to acknowledge. For example, if you want to use the information in the notes of a book by Smith, which is a biblical translation of the Gospel of Mark, you would cite Smith, not Mark, and certainly not God. Furthermore, look at Example #13 below when "ed." is added information to a citation with a named author and is translated as "edited by," not as "editor." In such cases "ed." would not be modified to "eds." even if multiple editors are listed
BY: Turner, Philip, and Frank Sugeno, eds. Crossroads Are for Meeting: Essays on the
Mission and Common Life of the Church in a Global Society.
Sewanee: SPCK/USA, 1986.
PR: (xix) or (Turner and Sugeno xix).
NF: 1 Philip Turner and Frank Sugeno, eds., Crossroads Are for Meeting: Essays on the Mission and Common Life of the Church in a Global Society (Sewanee: SPCK/USA, 1986) xix.
NS: 2 Turner and Sugeno xix.
7. A book by a corporate author (i.e., institution -- including an organization, association, etc.):
BY: Church of England, Doctrine Commission. Doctrine in the Church of England:
The Report of the Commission on Christian Doctrine Appointed by the
Archbishops of Canterbury and York in 1922. London: SPCK, 1938.
PR: (241) or (Church of England, Doctrine Commission 241).
NF: 1 Church of England, Doctrine Commission, Doctrine in the Church of England: The Report of the Commission on Christian Doctrine Appointed by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York in 1922 (London: SPCK, 1938) 241.
NS: 2 Church of England, Doctrine Commission 241.
8. An edition of a book other than the first:
BY: Schmid, Heinrich F.F. The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church. 3rd ed., rev. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1961.
Note: If an editor is named, insert that information between title and edition.
PR: (592) or (Schmid 592-601).
NF: 1 Heinrich F.F. Schmid, The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 3rd ed., rev. (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1961) 592-601.
NS: 2 Schmid 592-601.
9. A multi-volume work by one author:
BY: Abbey, Charles J. The English Church and Its Bishops, 1700-1800. 2 vols.
London: Longmans, Green, 1887.
PR: (2:10-15) or (Abbey 2:10-15).
NF: 1 Charles J. Abbey, The English Church and Its Bishops, 1700-1800, vol. 2 (London: Longmans, Green, 1887) 10-15.
NS: 2 Abbey 2:10-15.
10. A multi-volume work by one author, each volume with a distinct title:
BY: Pelikan, Jarslov. The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300). Chicago:
U Chicago P, 1978. Vol. 3 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. 4 vols. 1978-1980.
Note: When citing multi-volume works, provide complete bibliographic information for the volume you are citing first, then add information on the entire set, including total number of volumes, and dates, if available.
PR: (3:83-103) or (Pelikan 3:83-103). OR if you cite more than one work by him (Pelikan, Growth of Medieval 3:83-103).
NF: 1 Jarslov Pelikan, The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300), vol. 3 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (Chicago: U Chicago P, 1978) 83-103.
NS: 2 Pelikan 3:83-103. OR see PR above.
11. A multi-volume collection of the works of one author, each volume with a distinct title:
BY: Luther, Martin. Table Talk. Ed. and trans. Theodore G. Tappert. Philadelphia:
Fortress, 1967. Vol. 54 of Luther's Works. Gen. Ed. Helmut T. Lehmann. 58 vols. 1963-1968.
PR: (54:189) or (Luther 54:189).
NF: 1 Martin Luther, Table Talk, ed. and trans. Theodore G. Tappert, vol. 54, Luther's Works (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967) 189.
NS: 2Luther 54:189.
12. A component part of a book of essays by one author:
BY: Macquarrie, John. "History and the Christ of Faith." Studies in Christian
Existentialism. London: SCM, 1966. 139-150.
Note: If an editor is named, insert this information after the book title. If a translator is named, insert this information after the essay title and before the book title.
PR: (141) or (Macquarrie 141).
NF: 1 John Macquarrie, "History and the Christ of Faith," Studies in Christian
Existentialism (London: SCM, 1966) 141.
NS: 2 Macquarrie 141.
13. A component part of a book of essays by more than one author:
BY: Spong, William C. "The Tragic Continuum as a Basis of Pastoral Theology."
Realities and Visions: The Church's Mission Today. Ed. Furman
C. Stough and Urban T. Holmes, III. New York: Seabury, 1976. 113-121.
Note: "Ed." when used at the beginning of a segment of your bibliographic citation as it is here is an abbreviation of "edited by" and should not be written as "Eds." for more than one editor. Add translator, if given, between essay title and book title.
PR: (114-116) or (Spong 114-116). OR if you cite more than one article by him (Spong, "Tragic Continuum" 114-116).
NF: 1 William C. Spong, "The Tragic Continuum As a Basis of Pastoral Theology," Realities and Visions: The Church's Mission Today, ed. Furman C. Stough and Urban T. Holmes, III (New York: Seabury, 1976) 114-116.
NS: 2 Spong 114-116.
14. A component of a multi-volume work:
BY: Knox, John. "The Epistle to the Romans: Introduction and Exegesis." The
Interpreters' Bible. 18 vols. Ed. George A. Buttrick et al. Vol. 9. New York: Abingdon, 1954.
OR
BY: Knox, John. "The Epistle to the Romans: Introduction and Exegesis." Vol. 9.
The Interpreters' Bible. 18 vols. Ed. George A. Buttrick et al. New York:
Abingdon, 1954.
Note: Add edition information (e.g., rev. ed). after editor.
PR: (459) or (Knox 459).
NF: 1 John Knox, "The Epistle to the Romans: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreters' Bible, ed. George A. Buttrick et al. Vol. 9 (New York: Abingdon, 1954) 459.
NS: 2 Knox 459.
15. A journal article with a signed author:
BY: Green, William B. "Saint Augustine on Time." Scottish Journal of Theology 18
(1965): 148-163.
PR: (150) or (Green 150).
NF: 1 William B. Green, "Saint Augustine on Time," Scottish Journal of Theology 18 (1965): 150.
NS: 2 Green 150.
16. A signed magazine article:
BY: Horn, M. "The Original Hebrew Bible." U.S. News & World Report 10
December 1990: 70-72.
PR: (70) or (Horn 70).
NF: 1 M. Horn, "The Original Hebrew Bible," U.S. News & World Report 10 December 1990, 70.
NS: 2 Horn 70.
17. An unsigned magazine article:
BY: "Who Wrote the Bible?" U.S. News & World Report 10 December 1990: 761-64.
PR: (62) or ("Who Wrote" 62) or ("Who Wrote the Bible?" 62).
NF: 1 "Who Wrote the Bible?" U.S. News & World Report 10 December 1990: 62.
NS: 2 "Who Wrote" 62.
18. A newspaper article (signed):
BY: Steinfels, Peter. "Church Facing Financial Crunch as Expenses Grow." Austin
American-Statesman 14 July 1991: E1, E7.
Note: Add edition information if available (e.g., metro edition) after the date and before the colon.
PR (E7) or (Steinfels E7).
NF: 1 Peter Steinfels, "Church Facing Financial Crunch as Expenses Grow,"Austin American-Statesman 14 July 1991: E7.
NS 2 Steinfels E7.
19. A book review:
BY: Floyd, Michael H. Rev. of Dirt, Greed and Sex: Sexual Ethics in the New
Testament and Their Implications for Today, by William L. Countryman.
Anglican Theological Review 72 (1990): 95-103.
PR: (98) or (Floyd 98).
NF: 1 Michael H. Floyd, rev. of Dirt, Greed and Sex: Sexual Ethics in the New Testament and Their Implications for Today, by William L. Countryman, Anglican Theological Review 72 (1990): 98.
NS: 2 Floyd 98.
20. A signed article in an encyclopedia:
BY: Stackhouse, Max L. "Politics and Religion." The Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed.
Mircea Eliade. 12 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1987. 11:408-423.
Note: Page numbers on standard encyclopedias and dictionaries can be omitted; one can find the item by the letter with which the term begins. However, it is good to provide it if you have the information.
PR: (11:420-21) or (Stackhouse, "Politics and Religion") or (Stackhouse 11:420-21).
NF: 1 Max L. Stackhouse, "Politics and Religion," The Encyclopedia of
Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987) 11:420-421.
NS: 2 Stackhouse, "Politics and Religion." OR Stackhouse 11:420-421.
Note: In many scholarly encyclopedias, "signed" articles are begun or ended with initials only. There is a page at the front of the volume or the front of the set that will indicate to whom the initials refer. Don't assume too quickly that an author hasn't been acknowledged.
21. An unsigned article in an encyclopedia:
BY: "Mithraism." The New Columbia Encyclopedia, 1975 ed.
PR: ("Mithraism").
NF: 1 "Mithraism," The New Columbia Encyclopedia, 1975 ed.
NS: 2 "Mithraism."
OR
BY: "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader." Who's Who in America, 52nd ed., 1998.
PR: ("Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" or "Ginsburg").
NF: 1 "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader," Who's Who in America, 52nd ed., 1998.
NS: 2 "Ginsburg."
Note: The title and edition date are sufficient for encyclopedias that are periodically updated with new editions and have the publishers name in the title. No page numbers are needed, see #20 above.
22. A signed article in a dictionary:
BY: Pocknee, C. E. "Chalice and Paten." A Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship.
Ed. J. G. Davies. New York: Macmillan, 1972. 126-128.
PR: (127) or (Pocknee 127).
NF: 1 C.E. Pocknee, "Chalice and Paten," A Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship,
ed. J. G. Davies (New York: Macmillan, 1972) 127.
NS: 2 Pocknee 127.
23. An unsigned article in a dictionary:
BY: "Parallelism." Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1985 ed.
PR: ("Parallelism"). (See #20-22 above.)
NF: 1 "Parallelism," Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1985 ed.
NS: 2 "Parallelism."
24. A thesis or dissertation:
BY: Krause, Hilmer C. "Development of Ecclesiology in the Early Second Century:
Conceptions of the Purpose and Function of the Church Reflected in
Selected Writings of the Apostolic Fathers and in the Pastoral Epistles."
S.T.M. Thesis. Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, 1967.
PR: (57-61) or (Krause 57-61).
NF: 1 Hilmer C. Krause, "Development of Ecclesiology in the Early Second Century: Conceptions of the Purpose and Function of the Church Reflected in Selected Writings of the Apostolic Fathers and in the Pastoral Epistles," S.T.M. Thesis (Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, 1967) 57-61.
NS: 2 Krause 57-61.
25. An indirect or secondary source of a quotation
(you found a quote by Niebuhr in a work by Ferguson):
BY: Simply list the source you found the item in, OR see NF below.
Ferguson, Daniel S. Biblical Hermeneutics: An Introduction. Atlanta: John Knox,
1986.
PR: If Niebuhr is mentioned in the text (qtd. in Ferguson 51).
OR (Niebuhr as qtd. in Ferguson 51).
NF: 1 H. Richard Niebuhr, The Meaning of Revelation (New York: Macmillan, 1962) 59; as qtd. in Daniel S. Ferguson, Biblical Hermeneutics: An Introduction (Atlanta: John Knox, 1986) 51.
NS: 2 Niebuhr as qtd. in Ferguson 51.
26. An interview or correspondence (email, letter, etc.):
BY: Cook, Charles J. Personal interview. 3 May 1991.
PR: (Cook interview).
NF: 1 Charles J. Cook, personal interview, 3 May 1991.
NS: 2 Cook interview.
Note: Indicate type of interview or correspondence , e.g., telephone interview, email or email interview, personal correspondence, personal interview, etc.
27. A local sound recording:
BY: Adams, William Seth. "Christian Liturgy and the Jews." Sound cassette. Gray M.
Blandy Lectures. Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Austin,
1984.
Note: Sound cassette or audiocassette.
PR: (Adams "Christian Liturgy").
Note: You may wish to mention the medium in the text.
NF: 1 William Seth Adams, "Christian Liturgy and the Jews," sound cassette, Gray M. Blandy Lectures (Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Austin, 1984).
NS: 2 Adams "Christian Liturgy."
28. A commercially distributed sound recording (tape or sound cassette or CD-ROM):
BY: Kelleran, Marion. "Today's Family: A Challenge to the Church." Sound cassette.
Atlanta: Catacomb Cassettes, 1979.
Note: MLA does not require place (e.g. Atlanta) for audio/video producers but this information is helpful in tracking companies down if known.
PR: (Kelleran "Today's Family").
Note: You may wish to mention the medium in the text.
NF: 1 Marion Kelleran, "Today's Family: A Challenge to the Church," sound cassette (Atlanta: Catacomb Cassettes, 1979).
NS: 2 Kelleran "Today's Family."
29. A local video recording
BY: Coke, Paul T. "Introduction to the Proposed Book of Common Prayer." Lecture
in Liturgics I. Videocassette. Episcopal Theological Seminary of the
Southwest, Austin, 1977.
PR: (Coke, "Introduction to Proposed Book").
Note: You may wish to mention the medium in the text.
NF: 1 Paul T. Coke, "Introduction to the Proposed Book of Common Prayer," lecture in Liturgics I on videocassette (Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest, Austin, 1977).
NS: 2 Coke, "Introduction to Proposed Book."
30. A commercially distributed videocassette:
BY: King, Martin L. Jr. "I Have a Dream." Videocassette. Oak Forest, IL: MPI Home
Video, 1988.
Note: You may want to include director, producer, etc. if appropriate. To add place or
producer, see #28 above.
PR: (King, "I Have a Dream"). You may wish to mention the medium in the text.
NF: 1 Martin L. King, Jr., "I Have a Dream," videocassette (Oak Forest, IL: MPI
Home Video, 1988).
NS: 2 King, "I Have a Dream."
31. Documents published by church organizations:
Citations of documents published by churches should normally include the following elements in the order listed: name of church; name of subsidiary division if any; title of document; place of publication; publisher, if different from the issuing body; date.
i. Minutes or proceedings of a general meeting:
Example A:
BY: Episcopal Church. General Convention. Journal of the General
Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of
America. New York: General Convention Office, 1985.
PR: (365-374) or (Episcopal Church, General Convention 365-374).
NF: 1 Episcopal Church, General Convention, Journal of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (New York: General Convention Office, 1985) 365-374.
NS: 2 Episcopal Church, General Convention 365-374.
Example B:
BY: Lutheran Church in America. Minutes [of the] Tenth Biennial Convention
of the Lutheran Church in America, June 25-July 2, 1980.
Note: The place and year of publication are not indicated in the book.
PR: (131-137) or (Lutheran Church in America 131-137).
NF: 1 Lutheran Church in America, Minutes [of the] Tenth Biennial
Convention of the Lutheran Church in America, June 25-July 2, 1980, 131-137.
NS: 2 Lutheran Church in America 131-137
ii. Yearbooks
BY: Church of England. General Synod. The Church of England Year Book,
1990. London: Church House Publishing, 1990.
PR: (xxiii) or (Church of England, General Synod xxiii).
NF: 1 Church of England, General Synod, The Church of England Year Book, 1990 (London: Church House Publishing, 1990) xxiii.
NS: 2 Church of England, General Synod xxiii.
iii. Liturgical texts
Example A:
BY: Episcopal Church. The Proposed Book of Common Prayer. New
York: Church Hymnal Corporation, 1977.
PR: (880) or (Episcopal Church 880).
NF: 1 Episcopal Church, The Proposed Book of Common Prayer (New York:
Church Hymnal Corporation, 1977) 880.
NS: 2 Episcopal Church 880.
Example B:
BY: Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship. Lutheran Book of Worship.
Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1978.
PR: (7) or (Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship 7).
NF: 1 Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship, Lutheran Book of Worship (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1978) 7.
NS: 2 Inter-Lutheran Commission on Worship 7.
32. Works of Early and Medieval Church Fathers
If the intent is to acknowledge indebtedness to the general sense of a passage in such a work, the citation in both footnotes and parenthetical references should include only the author, the title, and the numbers found within the work that identify the particular part in which the passage is found. The numbers for all levels of division (e.g., book, part, section, chapter, lines) are to be in Arabic numeral format even though the work itself may use roman numerals for some of them.
If all the citations of a work are for indebtedness to the general sense, there is no need for a citation of the work in the bibliography as long as the text introduces the full name of the title and the author. If the intent is to acknowledge the source of a direct quotation, the citation in the bibliography and in the first footnote (if parenthetical citation is not used) should include the complete bibliographic information on the particular edition of the work that was used and the number(s) of the page(s) from which the quotation was drawn. If some of the citations of a work are for indebtedness in the general sense and others are for quotations, the citation of the work in the bibliography must include full bibliographic information for the edition that was used.
Note: MLA makes slightly different stylistic choices, but the formats as presented below largely based on the guidelines in The Chicago Manual of Style are cleaner and clearer and are more similar to the notations found in the texts you will be reading during your time in seminary.
Example A:
General sense:
BY: Irenaeus. Against Heresies.
PR: (1.10.2) or (Irenaeus 1.10.2).
NF: 1 Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.10.2.
NS: 2 Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.10.2.
Quotation from a complete edition:
BY: Irenaeus. Five Books of S. Irenaeus Against Heresies. Trans. John Keble.
London: James Parker and Rivingtons, 1872.
Note: "S. Irenaeus" is the way the title is found on the title page of the text cited.
PR: (34) or (Irenaeus 34).
NF: 1 Irenaeus, Five Books of S. Irenaeus Against Heresies, trans. John Keble
(London: James Parker and Rivingtons, 1872) 34.
NS: 2 Irenaeus 34.
Quotation from a component of a multi-volume anthology:
BY: Irenaeus. "Selections from the Work of Against Heresies." Early Christian
Fathers. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1953. 360-368. Vol. 1 of Library of
Christian Classics. 26 vols. 1953-1966. (See also Example #10 above.)
PR: (1:360) or (Irenaeus 1:360).
NF: 1 Irenaeus, "Selections from the Work of Against Heresies," Early Christian Fathers (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1953) 360, vol. 1 of Library of Christian Classics.
NS: 2 Irenaeus 1:360.
Example B
General sense:
BY: Augustine. City of God.
PR: (7.9) or (Augustine 7.9).
NF: 1 Augustine, City of God 7.9.
NS: 2 Augustine, City of God 7.9.
Quotation from a complete edition:
BY: Augustine. Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans. Trans. Henry
Bettenson. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1976.
PR: (265) or (Augustine 265).
NF: 1 Augustine, Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans, trans. Henry
Bettenson (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1976) 265.
NS: 2 Augustine 265.
Quotation from a component of a multi-volume collection:
BY: Augustine. "The City of God." A Select Library of Nicene and
Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Ed. Philip Schaff. Vol. 2.
Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1887. 1-511. 14 vols. 1952-57.
OR
BY: Augustine. "The City of God." A Select Library of Nicene and Post-
Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Ed. Philip Schaff. Buffalo:
Christian Literature, 1887. 2: 1-511. 14 vols. 1952-57.
PR: (2:127) or (Augustine 2:127).
NF: 1 Augustine, "The City of God," A Select Library of Nicene and Post-
Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. Philip Schaff, vol. 2 (Buffalo:
Christian Literature,1887. Reprinted 1952-1957.) 127. (OR No “vol.2" but
2:127, see NS example below).
NS: 2 Augustine 2:127.
Example C:
General sense:
BY: Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica.
PR: (1.50.3) or (Aquinas 1.50.3).
NF: 1 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 1.50.3.
NS: 2 Aquinas 1.50.3.
Quotation from a complete edition:
BY: Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Trans. Kenelm Foster. Vol. 9.
London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968; New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968, 61 vols. 1964-1972.
OR
BY: Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Trans. Kenelm Foster. Vol.9.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Note: "Theologiae" is the way the title is found on the title page of the text cited. For citations, the exact title of the work is listed regardless of more standardized spelling.
PR: (9:19) or (Aquinas 9:19).
NF: 1 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, trans. Kenelm Foster, vol. 9
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968) 19.
NS: 2 Aquinas 9:19.
33. Biblical References in Written Work
i. Books of the Bible (OT and NT) and the Apocrypha
Citations of biblical and apocryphal books should be written exclusively as parenthetical references within the text of the written work. Entries for the specific version used are not to be included in the bibliography. A citation to acknowledge indebtedness to the general sense of a biblical or apocryphal text should consist of the abbreviation of the book followed by the numbers indicating chapter and verse.
Examples:
Genesis, chapter one, verses 26 & 27 and chapter 2, verse 7. (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7)
Isaiah, chapter 52, verse 13 to chapter 53, verse 12 (Is 52:13-53:12)
Exodus, chapter 20, verses 1 to 3 and 7 (Ex 20:1-3, 7)
Matthew, chapters 5 to 7 and chapter 28, verse 20. (Mt 5-7; 28:20)
Note: "Gen" not "Gen." MLA suggests the latter, but extra punctuation just clutters the manuscript without providing additional clarity; therefore, these Guidelines omit the extra period.
List of abbreviations of the biblical and apocryphal books:
Old Testament / Jewish Scripture:
Gen Genesis 2 Chr 2 Chronicles Dan Daniel
Ex Exodus Ezra Ezra Hos Hosea
Lev Leviticus Neh Nehemiah Joel Joel
Num Numbers Esth Esther Amos Amos
Deut Deuteronomy Job Job Obad Obadiah
Josh Joshua Ps Psalms Jon Jonah
Judg Judges Prov Proverbs Mic Micah
Ruth Ruth Eccl Ecclesiastes Nah Nahum
1 Sam 1 Samuel Song Song of Solomon Hab Habakkuk
2 Sam 2 Samuel Is Isaiah Zeph Zephaniah
1 Kings 1 Kings Jer Jeremiah Hag Haggai
2 Kings 2 Kings Lam Lamentations Zech Zechariah
1 Chr 1 Chronicles Ezek Ezekiel Mal Malachi
Apocrypha:
Tob Tobit
Jdt Judith
Wis Wisdom
Bar Baruch
1 Esd 1 Esdras
2 Esd 2 Esdras
1 Macc 1 Maccabees
2 Macc 2 Maccabees
3 Macc 3 Maccabees
4 Macc 4 Maccabees
Song of Thr Prayer of Azariah and the Song of Three Jews
Sus Susanna
Add Esth Additions to Esther
Sir Sirach (Ecclesiasticus)
Bel Bel and the Dragon
Let Jer Letter of Jeremiah
Pr Man Prayer of Manasseh
New Testament/ Christian Scripture:
Mt Matthew 1 Tim 1 Timothy
Mk Mark 2 Tim 2 Timothy
Lk Luke Titus Titus
Jn John Philem Philemon
Acts Acts of the Apostles Heb Hebrews
Rom Romans Jas James
1 Cor 1 Corinthians 1 Pet 1 Peter
2 Cor 2 Corinthians 2 Pet 2 Peter
Gal Galatians 1 Jn 1 John
Eph Ephesians 2 Jn 2 John
Phil Philippians 3 Jn 3 John
Col Colossians Jude Jude
1 Thess 1 Thessalonians Rev Revelation
2 Thess 2 Thessalonians
ii. Using Acronyms for Versions of the Bible.
Note: A citation to acknowledge the source of a direct quotation of a biblical text should include an acronym for the version of the Bible or Apocrypha from which the quote was taken.
Examples: (Gen 2:2 KJV) (Mt 5:17 NRSV)
Following are the acronyms that should be used for some of the more common versions:
JB Jerusalem Bible
JPS Tanakh: A New Translation of Holy Scripture
KJV King James Version or Authorized Version
NAB New American Bible
NEB New English Bible
NIV New International Version
NJB New Jerusalem Bible
NRSV New Revised Standard Version
REB Revised English Bible
RSV Revised Standard Version
RV Revised Version
TEV Good News Bible, Today's English Version
V. Citation of Electronic Sources
The information provided here is minimal -- things are changing too quickly to provide exhaustive guidelines for every possible electronic citation. Worksheets that may be helpful in gathering at least most of the information needed are available in the Booher Library. However, your questions may be best addressed by using information available on the Internet. The web sites listed at the beginning of this document, especially the MLA main site and the Bedford Books site – http://www.bedfordbooks.com/online/citex.html -- do a fine job of covering most electronic formats.
General Format for Electronic Citations in the MLA Style is the following:
Author. Title. Edition or Version. Medium. Place of Publication: Publisher,
copyright date of print version. Title of Electronic Source. Pagination of print
version.
A. CITATION OF AN ENTIRE SOURCE (CD-ROM):
BY: Logos Bible Software. Vers. 2.0. CD-ROM. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research
System, Inc., n.d.
PR: (Logos Bible Software)
Note: Since there is no author or editor and a print version does not exist, the title for the electronic source is the first element. Since there is no print version, a statement of pagination is not required. Since no date of publication is available, n.d. is added.
B. CITATION OF AN UNSIGNED DICTIONARY ARTICLE (CD-ROM):
BY: "Parallelism." Harper's Bible Dictionary. Logos Bible Software. Vers. 2.0. CD-
ROM. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, n.d.*
PR: ("Parallelism")
Note: The publication information for the print version of the dictionary was not readily available from the electronic source and therefore is not included. Dictionary entries do not require the citation of specific page numbers.* n.d. indicates no date was available.
C. CITATION OF A SIGNED BIBLE COMMENTARY ARTICLE (CD-ROM)
BY: Madly, Edward J. "The Gospel According to Mark." Jerome Biblical
Commentary. N.p.* Logos Bible Software. Vers. 2.0. CD-ROM.
Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, n.d.
PR: (Madly n.p.*)
Note: A pagination statement is required and must be as shown because the pagination of the print version, despite the fact that it clearly would exist, cannot be determined from the electronic source. *n.p. indicates that there are “no page” numbers available.
D. CITATIONS OF FULL-TEXT ITEMS FROM A SEMINARY ONLINE DATABASE
(TEXSHARE OR ATLAS)
1. Article from a journal (online: full text):
This article was found on Academic Search Premier which is a database on EBSCO provided to the seminary by the TexShare Consortium. All this information should be noted, but you may exclude the consortium information (i.e., leave off TexShare) per the examples below. You do not need to put the URL because this is an “in-house” database. Information about full-text is optional, but be consistent.
BY: Sniderman, Paul M. and David Northrup. "Psychological and cultural
foundations of prejudice: The case of anti-Semitism in Quebec."
Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology 30:2 (May 1993): 242-71.
EBSCO: Academic Search Premier (full text). 3 Aug. 2001.
PR: (Sniderman and Northrup 249).
2. Article from a magazine (online: full text):
BY: Faircloth, Anne. "Guess Who's Coming to Denny's." Fortune 3 Aug. 1998:
108-110. EBSCO: Academic Search Premier. 3 Aug. 2001.
PR: (Faircloth 109).
3. Article from a newspaper (online: full text):
BY: Leonard, Mary. "Panel Bush Named Rejects Full Ban on Cloning." The Boston Globe. 12 July 2002. EBSCO: Newspaper Source (full text). 22 July. 2002.
PR: (Leonard n.p.)*
*n.p. indicates that there are “no page” numbers from the original source. This information is not necessary in the bibliography (it is clear it is an on-line resource from the formatting), but is more necessary, but not essential, in the parenthetical reference in the text. Sometimes on PDF files and other formats you may have the original page numbers. Use them when you find them.
Note: Give as much information about where an online item came from as you can. At ETSS/LSPS our online databases are accessed through TexShare and citations may reflect that. Then add the server -- EBSCO, Amigos/OCLC/First Search, Grolier, etc. -- that allowed access to a specific database or several. If you know the individual database add that next. Add "full-text" if it seems appropriate: TexShare: EBSCO: ATLAS (full-text) OR EBSCO: ATLAS (full-text). The designation “full-text” is not necessary, but it is useful.
E. CITATIONS OF WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) SITES
The following information is needed to cite a WWW site:
Name of person who created the web site, if known. Title of Piece. Title of web site. Date of publication or last revision, if known. Name of Institution or Organization associated with the site. Access Date. <URL>**
Remember: Web or Internet documents are virtual documents. They can be changed or cease to be without notice. It is wise to download and print any item that you wish to cite in a paper. Keep the printed copy (with its access date) with your drafts or notes for your paper. Then if some question arises, you have proof of your efforts.
* *It is not necessary to use the brackets (< >) to designate URLs, but it can help with clarifying end punctuation and end of line. Be consistent.
1. Personal or professional web site
BY: NIMH Research Training and Career Development Programs. 14 Apr.
1999. National Institute of Mental Health. 20 Aug. 2002.
<http://www.nimh.nih.gov/grants/rtcs.htm>
PR: (NIMH Research Training)
2. Article in a web scholarly journal:
BY: Norquist, Grayson, Bary Lebowitz, and Steven Hyman. "Expanding the Frontier of Treatment Research." Prevention & Treatment (1999). 20 Aug. 2002. <http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume2/pre0020001a.html>
PR: (Norquist, Lebowitz, and Hyman)
3. Article in a magazine or newspaper on the Web:
BY: Randolph, Charles. "Y2K Warning." WebNovice 4 Apr. 1999. 5 Aug.
2000. < http://webnovice.com/apr99/Y2Kwarning.htm >
PR: (Randolph)
4. Document within a web scholarly project or information database:
BY: "Manhattan Project." The History Channel. 1999. History Channel.
14 June 1999. < http://historychannel.com/click.html >
PR: ("Manhattan Project")
F. Evaluation of Information on the Web.
Not all web sites offer credible, authoritative information. It is best to critically evaluate each web site (at some minimal level) before you use it. Here are some things you may want to consider:
General Principles for Evaluating Anything (especially electronic materials):
1. Humans always evaluate things; now you will try to be more intentional about how and why you do. When you read or hear or see something, how do you determine its value to you or in general? What skills do you use? Might you compare it to something else? Seek an expert authority about it? Get recommendations from others? Test it against your own experience?
2. Evaluation is a high level, cognitive activity more akin to critical thinking than a simple skill-based activity. Evaluating something isn't bicycling, it is more like essay writing and it may take as long.
3. Your analysis will always be based on the interaction between your needs (or your user's needs) and the characteristics of the source. You may care a lot more about the accuracy of information you need submit to an instructor or use to make flight reservations than the information you might gather to prepare yourself for an evening on the town.
Some Criteria
Context (social, cultural, political, educational, etc.)
• How does this information or source fit with your pre-existing knowledge about the issue?
• Is this information presented from one ideological perspective? Are you clear what that
might be? Can you work around that perspective in using the information?
Authority (author/creation/institutional representation)
• What are the creator's qualifications? What are the sources of the creator's knowledge
(who does he/she cite or refer to)?
• Is there a publisher of the site? Does an institution provide links to it? Does it claim to
represent an institution?
Scope (date, range, depth, breadth)
• Is it appropriate for your needs?
Form/Format/Medium
• Is the material clear? Is it well organized?
• Can you get more information by exploring the site further or by talking with someone?
• Is there a phone number listed? A mailing address? Or, if local, a street address?
• Does the site require more memory than your system has for transmission, display, or printing?
Others' Endorsement
• Friends – (watch for the “halo effect” – just because a site worked for your friends’ needs, does not mean it will work for yours)
• Instructors
• Librarians
• Reviewers
• Citations of this Source by Print Sources or Other Sites
• Citations in this Source of Other Sources
Audience/Language
• Who is the intended audience (youth, adult, scholar, etc.) for this information?
• Is that level of audience appropriate for your use? Is the language appropriate?
• Does the language sound credible?
Other Selected Issues
Electronic sources are dynamic documents or "virtual documents." They can be changed by their originator or anyone that can gain access to them easily and often. If you find something that is valuable on the Internet and want to use it, print it and date it. If the document changes or disappears later, you'll have a record.
There is a rule, Gresham's Law, which states "bad money drives out good." Translate this rule for Internet use and you get: information available at no charge on the Internet will be inferior to what one can get from fee-based databases or print sources. The theory goes that students will happily stop researching once they get free, on-line information that is outdated, invalid, inappropriate, incomplete, or all four. The concern is that students might make important decisions based on free, but low-quality, information. And no one would use the more expensive or traditional resources, which also might be more timely, valid, appropriate or complete.
Don't allow the halo effect ("It helped me once, so it is always the best source.") or the black box syndrome ("I don't understand computers, but I know this is great information a friend got for me.") to cloud your judgement concerning the information found in any site. Even sites with great information occasionally get it wrong.
VI. Other Acknowledgments
If a student produces written work for a course by revising or rewriting work that he or she wrote earlier for another course, that fact should be clearly stated in a footnote on the first page and the earlier work should be submitted with the later work. The following is an example of the kind of statement that should be made:
1 This essay represents a rewriting of an essay that I submitted in the fall of 1990 in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of course B2131 with Professor Smith.
If a student is permitted to satisfy the requirements of two related courses by a single extended work, the fact of that special arrangement should be indicated in a footnote on the first page by means of a statement such as the following:
1 With the approval of the instructors, this essay is being submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements of both course H2112 and course BL1221.
VII. Bibliography
In addition to the web sites noted in the text, the following works were consulted in the preparation of the foregoing instructions:
Booher, Harold. "Instructions for the Preparation of Written Work." Austin: Episcopal
Theological Seminary of the Southwest, 1988; 1998.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: Modern
Language Association, 1999.
Harold Booher acknowledges consulting three other sources:
Sayre, John L. ed. A Manual of Forms for Research Papers and D. Min Field Project Reports.
5th ed. Revised by Roberta Hamburger. Enid, OK: Seminary Press, 1991.
Turabian, Kate L., ed. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th ed.
Revised and expanded by Bonnie B. Honigsblum. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.
University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 13th ed., revised and expanded
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.